According to the Copyright Act 2021, photocopying and reproducing from books, journals, periodicals, etc constitute infringements of copyright unless the acts fall within valid exceptions.

Exception to copyright infringement is provided under "fair use" where a certain amount of copying is permissible for research or study, criticism or review; educational uses by non-profit educational institutions; or uses for computational data analysis and machine learning. 

In general, fair use means:

1. Not more than 10% of the number of pages, if the work has at least 10 pages and is not divided into chapters;
2. Not more than a single chapter, if the work has at least 10 pages and is divided into chapters;
3. Not more than one article in the same issue of a periodical publication, unless the articles relate to the same subject matter; or
4. Not more than 10% of the total number of bytes, if the work is in an electronic medium and has no pages. 
 


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