Can I use content obtained through Text and Data Mining (TDM) for AI or machine learning projects?

Not necessarily.

Permission to conduct TDM does not automatically grant permission to use the mined content for artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), or large language model (LLM) training.

Publisher agreements may distinguish between:

• Accessing and extracting content for TDM
• Analysing content using computational methods
• Creating datasets derived from content
• Training, fine-tuning, or validating AI and machine learning models
• Redistributing datasets or model output

Some publishers may allow TDM for research and analytical purposes but prohibit the use of their content for AI model training. Others may require a separate licence or agreement for AI-related uses.

Researchers are responsible for ensuring that both their TDM activities and any downstream use of the extracted content comply with applicable licence agreements, copyright requirements, and publisher policies.

For more information, please visit the Library’s TDM LibGuide.